Behav Res Ther 33(8):917–925Īylett R, Louchart S (2003) Towards a narrative theory of virtual reality. Īrntz A, Rauner M, Van den Hout M (1995) “If I feel anxious, there must be danger”: Ex-consequentia reasoning in inferring danger in anxiety disorders. American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VAĪnderson RC (1984) Some reflections on the acquisition of knowledge. F (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5, 5th edn. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput 31(4):578–602Īmerican Psychiatric Association, D. It is hoped that validation and ongoing development of the model will help advance VRE research and therapy.Īltarriba J, Bauer LM, Benvenuto C (1999) Concreteness, context availability, and imageability ratings and word associations for abstract, concrete, and emotion words. As part of the model justification, an examination of presence literature limitations is included. The framework also creates a scaffold to support additional variables of interest. This model provides a much-needed psychological framework to inform and guide researchers and therapists. The cognitive person-focused model has been developed to address the limitations of the existing presence–emotion concepts. Because personal meaning is subject to individual differences and most VRE scenarios are generic by nature, situational plausibility must be managed by the therapist. This review argues that in psychotherapy, it is the personal meaning of an environment, rather than the concrete properties of the environment itself, that informs interventions. Additionally, presence is a technology-focused consideration. More meaningful insights can be obtained by examining specific cognitive constructs. Critically, presence is subject to limitations that make it an impractical concept where precision is needed. Presence, a sense of being in a specific place, is the dominant focus of VR/VRE research into emotion regulation. However, theoretical frameworks for user experience of virtual reality (VR) have yet to be fully integrated with psychological theory, limiting optimisation of VRE. ![]() Virtual reality exposure (VRE) is an effective form of psychotherapy.
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